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Hannah Arendt
Johanna "Hannah" Arendt ( or ; ;〔("Arendt" ). ''Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary''.〕 14 October 1906 – 4 December 1975) was a German-born American political theorist. Though often described as a philosopher, she rejected that label on the grounds that philosophy is concerned with "man in the singular" and instead described herself as a political theorist because her work centers on the fact that "men, not Man, live on the earth and inhabit the world."〔Arendt, Hannah. ''The Human Condition''. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1998.〕 An assimilated Jew, she escaped Europe during the Holocaust and became an American citizen. Her works deal with the nature of power, and the subjects of politics, direct democracy, authority, and totalitarianism. The Hannah Arendt Prize is named in her honor.
==Life and career==
Arendt was born into a secular family of German Jews in Linden (now a part of Hanover), the daughter of Martha (born Cohn) and Paul Arendt. She grew up in Königsberg (renamed Kaliningrad and annexed to the Soviet Union in 1946) and Berlin. At the University of Marburg, she studied philosophy with Martin Heidegger. Arendt's family was very assimilated Jewish family and she later remembered: "With us from Germany, the word 'assimilation' received a 'deep' philosophical meaning. You can hardly realize how serious we were about it." Arendt's family was far more German than Jewish, and as a result Arendt came to define her Jewish identity in a negative sense after encountering anti-Semitism as an adult.〔 Arendt came to greatly identify with Rahel Varnhagen, a 19th century Prussian Jewish hostess who desperately wanted to assimilate into German culture, and only to be rejected because she was born and grew up Jewish.〔 Arendt later wrote about Varnhagen that she was "my very closest woman friend, unfortunately dead a hundred years now."〔
According to Hans Jonas, her only German-Jewish classmate, Arendt embarked on a long and highly problematic romantic relationship with Heidegger, for which she was later criticized because of Heidegger's support for the Nazi Party when he was rector at the University of Freiburg. As a university student, Arendt was very excited to be taught by Heidegger, whom about she later recalled: "Little more than a name was known, but the name made its way through all of Germany like the rumor of a secret king."〔 During the philosophy course taught by Heidegger, she fall in love with her married professor, and a relationship began.〔 Writing about her relationship with Heidegger in the third person, Arendt recalled: "Her sensitivity and vulnerability, which had always given her an exclusive air, grew to almost grotesque proportions."〔 In 1929, when Heidegger failed to recognize her at a train station, Arendt was devastated, writing: "When I was a small child, that was the way my mother once stupidly and playfully frightened me. I had read the fairy tale about Dwarf Nose, whose nose gets so long nobody recognizes him anymore. My mother pretended that had happened to me. I still vividly recall the blind terror with which I kept crying: but I am your child, I am your Hannah.—That is what it was like today."〔
In the wake of one of their breakups, Arendt moved to Heidelberg, where she wrote her dissertation under the existentialist philosopher-psychologist Karl Jaspers on the concept of love in the thought of Saint Augustine. In 1929, in Berlin, she married Günther Stern, later known as Günther Anders. (They divorced in 1937.) The dissertation was published in 1929. In 1932, Arendt was deeply troubled by reports that Heidegger was speaking at National Socialist meetings, and wrote to him asking him to deny that he was attracted to National Socialism. Heidegger wrote back to her and in his letter did not seek to deny the rumors (which were true), and merely assured her that his feelings for her were unchanged.〔 Arendt was prevented from qualifying for a professorship because she was Jewish. She researched anti-Semitism for some time before being arrested and briefly imprisoned by the Gestapo in 1933.〔http://biography.yourdictionary.com/hannah-arendt〕
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